Adaptive communication mode switching

ABSTRACT

Systems, method, and devices are provided for transmitting data. In one aspect, a method includes providing a plurality of communication modules, each of the plurality of communication modules configured to transmit data using a different communication method; establishing, with the plurality of communication modules, a plurality of simultaneous respective communication links to a remote terminal; selecting, based on a switching criterion, at least one of the plurality of simultaneous respective communication links to be used to transmit data; and transmitting data via said at least one of the plurality of simultaneous respective communication links selected based on the switching criterion.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application is a continuation application of InternationalApplication No. PCT/CN2014/071939, filed on Feb. 10, 2014, the contentof which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Unmanned vehicles, such as ground vehicles, air vehicles, surfacevehicles, underwater vehicles, and spacecraft, have been developed for awide range of applications including surveillance, search and rescueoperations, exploration, and other fields. In some instances, unmannedvehicles may be equipped with sensors for collecting data from thesurrounding environment. For example, unmanned aerial vehicles arecommonly provided with cameras for aerial photography.

The sensing data collected by the unmanned vehicle can be transmitted toa remote user in real time. However, existing approaches for datatransmission from unmanned vehicles can be less than ideal. In someinstances, the range of data transmission and other communication withan unmanned vehicle may be limited by line of sight.

SUMMARY

A need exists for improved communication with movable objects such asunmanned vehicles. The present invention provides systems, methods, anddevices for communicating with movable objects. In some embodiments, thesystems, methods, and devices described herein provide adaptiveswitching between a plurality of communication modes based on apredetermined switching criterion. Advantageously, the adaptivecommunication mode switching disclosed herein can be used to extend therange and robustness of data transmission from movable objects.

In one aspect of the present disclosure, a method for transmitting datais provided. The method comprises: providing a plurality ofcommunication modules, each of the plurality of communication modulesconfigured to transmit data using a different communication method;establishing, with the plurality of communication modules, a pluralityof simultaneous respective communication links to a remote terminal;calculating whether one or more characteristics of each of the pluralityof simultaneous respective communication links meets a switchingcriterion; selecting, based on the switching criterion, at least one ofthe plurality of simultaneous respective communication links to be usedto transmit data; and transmitting data via said at least one of theplurality of simultaneous respective communication links selected basedon the switching criterion.

In some embodiments, the plurality of communication modules are carriedby a movable object. The movable object can be an unmanned aerialvehicle.

In some embodiments, each of the simultaneous respective communicationlinks is established between one of the plurality of communicationmodules and one of a plurality of corresponding communication modules ofthe remote terminal.

In some embodiments, a maximum communication distance of at least one ofthe different communication methods is within the range of 0.5 km to 20km.

In some embodiments, at least one of the different communication methodsdoes not require line of sight to operate.

In some embodiments, at least one of the different communication methodscomprises a direct communication method. The direct communication methodcan comprise one of the following: WiFi, WiMAX, or coded orthogonalfrequency-division multiplexing (COFDM). At least one of the differentcommunication methods can comprise an indirect communication method. Theindirect communication method can comprise communication via a mobilephone network. The mobile phone network can be a 3G or 4G network. Theindirect communication method can utilize forward error correction.

In some embodiments, the switching criterion is based on signal strengthof signals received by at least one of the plurality of communicationmodules.

In some embodiments, the switching criterion is based on signal qualityof signals received by at least one of the plurality of communicationmodules.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a data-transmittingapparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises: a plurality ofcommunication modules each configured to transmit data to a remoteterminal using a different communication method, wherein a plurality ofsimultaneous respective communication links are established between theplurality of communication modules and the remote terminal; one or moreprocessors configured to: (i) calculate whether one or morecharacteristics of each of the simultaneous respective communicationlinks meets a switching criterion; and (ii) select, based on theswitching criterion, at least one of the plurality of simultaneousrespective communication links to be used to transmit data; and acontroller configured to output control signals causing datatransmission to occur via said at least one of the plurality ofsimultaneous respective communication links selected based on theswitching criterion.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for transmittingimages from a movable object is provided. The method comprises:providing the movable object comprising a first communication moduleconfigured to transmit image data using a first communication method anda second communication module configured to transmit image data using asecond communication method different from the first communicationmethod; obtaining image data with the movable object; performingcalculations, based on a switching criterion, in order to select atleast one of the first communication module or the second communicationmodule to be used to transmit the image data; and transmitting the imagedata using said at least one of the first communication module or thesecond communication module selected based on the switching criterion.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for controlling amovable object with a terminal is provided. The method comprises:providing the terminal comprising a first communication moduleconfigured to transmit control data to the movable object using a firstcommunication method and a second communication module configured totransmit control data to the movable object using a second communicationmethod different from the first communication method; generating controldata configured to control a state of the movable object; performingcalculations, based on a switching criterion, in order to select atleast one of the first communication module or the second communicationmodule to be used to transmit the control data; and transmitting thecontrol data to the movable object using said at least one of the firstcommunication module or the second communication module selected basedon the switching criterion.

In some embodiments, the movable object is an unmanned aerial vehicle.

In some embodiments, at least one of the first communication method orthe second communication method does not require line of sight tooperate.

In some embodiments, a maximum communication distance of the firstcommunication method is smaller than a maximum communication distance ofthe second communication method.

In some embodiments, the first communication method comprises a directcommunication method. The direct communication method can comprise oneof the following: WiFi, WiMAX, or coded orthogonal frequency-divisionmultiplexing (COFDM). The second communication method can comprise anindirect communication method. The indirect communication method cancomprise communication via a mobile phone network. The mobile phonenetwork can be a 3G or 4G network. The indirect communication method canutilize forward error correction.

In some embodiments, the switching criterion is based on signal strengthof signals received by at least one of the first communication module orthe second communication module.

In some embodiments, the switching criterion is based on signal qualityof signals received by at least one of the first communication module orthe second communication module.

In some embodiments, the image data is transmitted to a terminal remotefrom the movable object.

In some embodiments, the movable object comprises one or more imagesensors and the image data is generated by the one or more imagesensors.

In some embodiments, the image data is generated by one or more imagesensors provided separately from the movable object.

In some embodiments, the control data comprises instructions forcontrolling one or more of altitude, latitude, or longitude of themovable object.

In some embodiments, the control data comprises instructions forcontrolling one or more of roll angle, pitch angle, or yaw angle of themovable object.

In some embodiments, the control data is generated based on user input.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a data-transmitting movableobject is provided. The movable object comprises: a first communicationmodule configured to transmit image data using a first communicationmethod; and a second communication module configured to transmit imagedata using a second communication method different from the firstcommunication method; one or more processors configured to performcalculations, based on a switching criterion, in order to select atleast one of the first communication module or the second communicationmodule to be used to transmit the image data; and a controllerconfigured to output control signals causing the image data to betransmitted via said at least one of the first communication module orthe second communication module selected based on the switchingcriterion.

In another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computerreadable medium containing program instructions for transmitting data toa movable object is provided. The computer readable medium comprises:program instructions for a terminal comprising a first communicationmodule configured to transmit control data to the movable object using afirst communication method and a second communication module configuredto transmit control data to the movable object using a secondcommunication method different from the first communication method,wherein the program instructions cause the terminal to: generate controldata configured to control a state of the movable object; performcalculations, based on a switching criterion, in order to select atleast one of the first communication module or the second communicationmodule to be used to transmit the control data; and transmit the controldata to the movable object using said at least one of the firstcommunication module or the second communication module selected basedon the switching criterion.

It shall be understood that different aspects of the invention can beappreciated individually, collectively, or in combination with eachother. Various aspects of the invention described herein may be appliedto any of the particular applications set forth below or for any othertypes of movable objects. Any description herein of an aerial vehiclemay apply to and be used for any movable object, such as any vehicle.Additionally, the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein in thecontext of aerial motion (e.g., flight) may also be applied in thecontext of other types of motion, such as movement on the ground or onwater, underwater motion, or motion in space.

Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparentby a review of the specification, claims, and appended figures.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a movable object communicating with a remoteterminal, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates another example of a movable object communicatingwith a remote terminal, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration by way of block diagram of a methodfor implementing adaptive communication mode switching, in accordancewith embodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates a movable object configured for adaptivecommunication mode switching, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 5 illustrates a movable object configured for adaptivecommunication mode switching for image data transmission, in accordancewith embodiments;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for adaptive communicationmode switching for image data transmission, in accordance withembodiments;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method for forward error correctionfor data transmission, in accordance with embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates an unmanned aerial vehicle, in accordance withembodiments;

FIG. 9 illustrates a movable object, in accordance with embodiments; and

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration by way of block diagram of a systemfor controlling a movable object, in accordance with embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The systems, methods, and devices of the present invention provideimproved communication with movable objects, such as a self-propelledmovable object (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). In someembodiments, the movable objects described herein are configured tocommunicate data to a remote terminal using a plurality of differentcommunication methods. The disclosed systems, methods, and devicesenable adaptive switching between the different communication methodsbased on a predetermined switching criterion in order to optimize thespeed, latency, bandwidth, quality, and/or range of communication. Itshall be understood that different aspects of the invention can beappreciated individually, collectively, or in combination with eachother. Various aspects of the invention described herein may be appliedto any of the particular applications set forth below or for any othertypes of movable objects.

For example, the present invention can be applied to a UAV configuredfor aerial photography. The UAV can be equipped with an image sensor(e.g., a camera) for generating image data. When desired, the image datacan be transmitted from the UAV to a remote terminal in order to providereal-time aerial surveillance, first-person view piloting, or othersuitable applications. Existing approaches for image data transmissionfrom UAVs typically utilize direct or point-to-point communicationlinks, which may be limited by having relatively short communicationranges and a requirement for line of sight. The systems, methods, anddevices disclosed herein enable switching of image data transmissionbetween a plurality of communication links, which can include directcommunication links as well as indirect communication links. Indirectcommunication links may have longer communication ranges than directcommunication links and may not require line of sight. Accordingly, byadaptively switching between the plurality of communication links,continuous image data transmission can be maintained even over longdistances or when line of sight is obstructed.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for transmittingdata having one or more of the following steps. In one embodiment, amethod comprises: providing a plurality of communication modules, eachof the plurality of communication modules configured to transmit datausing a different communication method; establishing, with the pluralityof communication modules, a plurality of simultaneous respectivecommunication links to a remote terminal; calculating whether one ormore characteristics of each of the plurality of simultaneous respectivecommunication links meets a switching criterion; selecting, based on theswitching criterion, at least one of the plurality of simultaneousrespective communication links to be used to transmit data; andtransmitting data via said at least one of the plurality of simultaneousrespective communication links selected based on the switchingcriterion.

The communication modules of the present invention can be carried by amovable object configured to communicate with a remote terminal. Forexample, control data can be transmitted from the terminal to themovable object, and data collected by the movable object (e.g.,surveillance data) can be transmitted back to the terminal. Each ofplurality of communication modules can be configured to communicate witha corresponding communication module of the remote terminal by arespective communication link. Each of the communication modules can beconfigured to communicate using a different communication method. Insome instances, certain communication methods may be more optimal thanothers for data transmission (e.g., with respect to superior speed,bandwidth, latency, range, quality, cost, and other characteristics).Accordingly, when several communication links are simultaneouslyavailable, a suitable switching criterion can be implemented to activelyselect one or more communication links that provide optimized datatransmission. For example, a calculation can be performed to determinewhether the characteristics of each of the communication links meet thestandards for data transmission set by the switching criterion. In somecases, certain communication methods may be on the verge of no longerbeing available or operable, a suitable switching criterion can be usedto detect this condition so that another communication link can beselected. By adaptively switching between the communication links, thisapproach can provide seamless data transmission with improved robustnessand stability.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method fortransmitting images from a movable object. The method comprises:providing the movable object comprising a first communication moduleconfigured to transmit image data using a first communication method anda second communication module configured to transmit image data using asecond communication method different from the first communicationmethod; obtaining image data with the movable object; performingcalculations, based on a switching criterion, to select at least one ofthe first communication module or the second communication module to beused to transmit the image data; and transmitting the image data usingsaid at least one of the first communication module or the secondcommunication module selected based on the switching criterion.

The movable object having a plurality of communication modules disclosedabove is equally applicable to this embodiment. Where desired, suchmovable objects can be modified to include one or more image sensors(e.g., a camera). The image sensors can be adapted to generate imagedata, which can include photographs or videos of the environmentsurrounding the movable object. Alternatively, the image data can begenerated by image sensors provided separately from the movable object,such as image sensors of an imaging device in communication with themovable object. The image data can be transmitted from the movableobject via a communication module selected based on calculations using aswitching criterion, as described above. Advantageously, this approachcan be used to provide robust and seamless transmission of image datacollected by a movable object.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method forcontrolling a movable object with a terminal. The method comprises:providing a terminal comprising a first communication module configuredto transmit control data to a movable object using a first communicationmethod and a second communication module configured to transmit controldata to the movable object using a second communication method differentfrom the first communication method; generating control data configuredto control a state of the movable object; performing calculations, basedon a switching criterion, in order to select at least one of the firstcommunication module or the second communication module to be used totransmit the control data; and transmitting the control data to themovable object using said at least one of the first communication moduleor the second communication module selected based on the switchingcriterion.

The terminal and movable object disclosed above are equally applicableto this embodiment. Where desired, the terminal can be modified toinclude communication modules suitable for transmitting control data tothe movable object. The control data can be used to control a state ofthe movable object, such as a position of the movable object withrespect to up to three degrees of freedom, or an orientation of themovable object with respect to up to three degrees of freedom. Similarto the embodiments previously described herein, a calculation can beperformed, based on a switching criterion, to determine which of thecommunication modules is optimal for transmitting the control data tothe movable object. This approach enables greater flexibility and rangein controlling movable objects using a remote control device such as aterminal.

In a separate aspect, the present invention provides a data-transmittingapparatus having one or more of the unique features disclosed below. Inone embodiment, the apparatus comprises: a plurality of communicationmodules each configured to transmit data to a remote terminal using adifferent communication method, wherein a plurality of simultaneousrespective communication links are established between the plurality ofthe communication modules and the remote terminal. The apparatus alsocomprises one or more processors configured to: (i) calculate whetherone or more characteristics of each of the plurality of simultaneousrespective communication links meets a switching criterion; and (ii)select, based on a switching criterion, at least one of the plurality ofsimultaneous respective communication links to be used to transmit data.The apparatus also comprises a controller configured to output controlsignals causing data transmission to occur via said at least one of theplurality of simultaneous respective communication links selected basedon the switching criterion.

The movable object, remote terminal, and communication modules disclosedabove are equally applicable to this embodiment. In some instances, asuitable controller can be used to provide control signals causing thecommunication modules to establish communication links and transmitdata. One or more processors can be used to perform calculations basedon a switching criterion to actively select optimal communication linksfor data transmission. The apparatus described herein can be used toenhance the robustness and stability of communication with a movableobject.

In a separate aspect, the present invention provides a data-transmittingmovable object. In one embodiment, the movable object comprises a firstcommunication module configured to transmit image data using a firstcommunication method; and a second communication module configured totransmit image data using a second communication method different fromthe first communication method; one or more processors configured toperform calculations, based on a switching criterion, in order to selectat least one of the first communication module or the secondcommunication module to be used to transmit the image data; and acontroller configured to output control signals causing the image datato be transmitted via said at least one of the first communicationmodule or the second communication module selected based on theswitching criterion.

The movable object having a plurality of communication modules and imagesensors disclosed above are equally applicable to this embodiment. Wheredesired, a the movable object can include one or more processors used toperform calculations based on the switching criterion in order toactively select the optimal communication modules for image datatransmission. The movable object can also include a controller causingthe selected communication modules to transmit the image data. Aspreviously described, this system can provide robust and seamless imagedata transmission from the movable object.

In a separate aspect, the present invention provides a non-transitorycomputer readable medium containing program instructions fortransmitting data to a movable object having one or more of the uniquefeatures disclosed below. In one embodiment, the computer readablemedium comprises program instructions for a terminal comprising a firstcommunication module configured to transmit control data to a movableobject using a first communication method and a second communicationmodule configured to transmit control data to the movable object using asecond communication method different from the first communicationmethod. The program instructions can cause the terminal to: generatecontrol data configured to control a state of the movable object;perform calculations, based on a switching criterion, in order to selectat least one of the first communication module or the secondcommunication module to be used to transmit the control data; andtransmit the control data to the movable object using said at least oneof the first communication module or the second communication moduleselected based on the switching criterion.

The terminal having communication modules for transmitting control dataas disclosed above is equally applicable to this embodiment. Thecomputer readable medium can include program instructions, code, orlogic suitable for causing the terminal to generate control data forcontrolling a state of the movable object as described herein. Thecomputer readable medium can also include program instructions forperforming calculations, based on a switching criterion, to select acommunication module for transmitting the control data. Advantageously,the computer readable medium of this embodiment can be used to enablerobust and continuous transmission of control data from the terminal tothe movable object.

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a movable object 100communicating with a remote terminal 102, in accordance withembodiments. Any descriptions herein of the movable object 100communicating with the terminal 102 can also be applied to communicationwith any number of terminals or other suitable remote devices.Furthermore, communication of the terminal 102 with the movable object100 as disclosed herein can be applied to communication with anysuitable number of movable objects.

The movable object 100 can be configured to move within variousenvironments (e.g., air, water, ground, space, or combinations thereof).In some embodiments, the movable object 100 can be a vehicle (e.g., anaerial vehicle, water vehicle, ground vehicle, or space vehicle).Optionally, the movable object 100 can perform one or more functions.For example, the movable object 100 can be a UAV provided with a camerafor aerial photography operations. However, as previously mentioned, anydescription pertaining to an aerial vehicle such as a UAV may apply toany other type of movable object, and vice-versa. Further details onexemplary movable objects of the present invention are providedelsewhere herein.

The terminal 102 can be a remote control device at a location distantfrom the movable object 100. The terminal 102 can be used to control anysuitable state of the movable object 100. For example, the terminal 102can be used to control the position (e.g., location and/or orientation)of the movable object using commands or control data transmitted to themovable object 100. The terminal 102 can include a suitable display unitfor viewing information of the movable object 100. For example, theterminal 102 can be configured to display information of the movableobject 100 with respect to position, translational velocity,translational acceleration, orientation, angular velocity, angularacceleration, or any suitable combinations thereof. In some embodiments,the terminal 102 can display information collected by the movable object100, such as image data recorded by a camera coupled to the movableobject 100. Additional descriptions of exemplary terminals of thepresent invention are provided elsewhere herein.

The movable object 100 can include a first communication module 104 anda second communication module 106, and the terminal 102 can include acorresponding first communication module 108 and a corresponding secondcommunication module 110. Any description herein of communicationmodules of a movable object can also be applied to communication modulesof a terminal, and vice-versa. For example, the communication modulesdisclosed herein can be incorporated in a movable object, a terminal, orany other entity in communication with a movable object and/or terminal.The communication modules can include transmitters and/or receiversconfigured to transmit and/or receive data. For example, thecommunication modules can include transceivers incorporating one or moretransmitters and one or more receivers. The transceiver may have one ormore transmitters and one or more receivers integrated into a singlecomponent, or distributed over multiple components of the transceiver.Any description herein referring to a transmitter or receiver may alsorefer to a transmitter or receiver of a transceiver, respectively. Insome instances, a transmitter can be configured to transmit data at aspecified signal strength. A receiver can be associated with a receiversensitivity, and the receiver sensitivity can be characterized by aminimum signal strength of a data transmission for which the receivercan receive the data.

The first communication modules of the movable object and terminal 104,108 and the second communication modules of the movable object andterminal 106, 110 can be in communication with each other via respectivecommunication links 112, 114. Any suitable number of communicationmodules (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, or more) can be used toestablish a corresponding number of distinct communication links. Insome instances, one or more of the plurality of communication links maysimultaneously be available. Optionally, all of the communication linksmay simultaneously be available. An available communication link mayrefer to a communication link that is not disconnected, dropped, orotherwise currently unable of communicating data). Dual-modecommunication may be provided between the movable object and terminal,which may result in providing two simultaneous communication links. Insome instances, multi-mode communication may be provided between themovable object and terminal, which may include providing a plurality ofsimultaneous communication links (e.g., two or more, three or more, fouror more, five or more, or six or more simultaneous communication links).

In some embodiments, the communication links can be two-waycommunication links, such that both the movable object 100 and theterminal 102 can receive and transmit data via the communication links.Alternatively, one or more of the communication links can be a one-waycommunication link suitable for transmitting data in a single direction(e.g., from the movable object 100 to the terminal 102, or vice-versa).For example, a data transmission link may be used to transmit sensingdata collected by the movable object 100 (e.g., position and/ororientation data collected by GPS sensors or inertial sensors, imagedata collected by a camera) to the terminal 102 only, while a controldata transmission link may be used to transmit control data (e.g., basedon user input) from the terminal 102 to the movable object 100 only.

In some embodiments, each of the communication modules may communicateusing a different communication method. Optionally, one or morecommunication modules may use the same communication method. In someinstances, a communication method may require line of sight to operate.Alternatively, a different communication method may not require line ofsight to operate. Some communication methods can be proximity dependentwhile other communication methods can be proximity independent. Thecommunication methods can involve wired communication methods, wirelesscommunication methods, or suitable combinations thereof. Wiredcommunication may utilize wires, cables, fiber optics, waveguides, andother suitable physical connections to transmit data. Wirelesscommunication methods may utilize radio waves, infrared waves, soundwaves, or light waves to transmit data. In some instances, wired and/orwireless communication methods can involve transmitting data overtelecommunication networks, cellular networks, or data networks, whichmay be local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs). Thenetworks may include the Internet or Internet-based networks, such ascloud communication networks. Some networks may be public networks,while other networks may be private networks. The data can betransmitted directly between the movable object 100 and the terminal 102(e.g., direct communication, also known as point-to-pointcommunication). Alternatively, the data can be transmitted between themovable object 100 and the terminal 102 via one or more intermediatenetwork nodes (e.g., indirect communication). The network nodes may berelay stations, towers, satellites, mobile stations, computers, servers,and the like. The network nodes may be stationary nodes. Conversely, thenetwork nodes may be movable nodes, such as nodes situated on a movableobject (e.g., a satellite). Some example of suitable communicationmethods include: WiFi, WiMAX, coded orthogonal frequency-divisionmultiplexing (COFDM), and mobile or cellular phone networks (e.g., 3G or4G networks).

For example, the first communication modules 104, 108 can utilize adirect communication method and the second communication modules 106,110 can utilize an indirect communication method. Accordingly, the firstcommunication link 112 can be a direct communication link and the secondcommunication link 114 can be an indirect communication link. The directcommunication link 112 may require line of sight, while the indirectcommunication link 114 may not require line of sight. In some instances,the direct communication method can use WiFi, WiMAX, or COFDM, while theindirect communication method can use mobile phone networks. The directand indirect communication links 112, 114 may be operatedsimultaneously, such that data is transmitted along one or both of thecommunication links 112, 114. The data transmission may switch betweenutilizing the direct and indirect communication links 112, 114 (e.g.,when one of the links is disconnected), as described in further detailbelow.

FIG. 2 illustrates a movable object 200 communicating with a terminal202 via first and second communication links 204, 206, in accordancewith embodiments. Similar to embodiments of FIG. 1 described herein, thefirst communication link 204 can be a point-to-point or directcommunication link, such that data is directly transmitted between themovable object 200 and terminal 202 without any intervening networknodes, and the second communication link 206 can be an indirectcommunication link, such that data is transmitted between the movableobject 200 and the terminal 202 via a series of intermediate networknodes. In some embodiments, the direct communication link 204 can be aWiFi, WiMAX, or COFDM link. The indirect communication link 206 can be amobile phone network link, such as a 3G or 4G network link. For example,the network nodes of the indirect communication link 206 are depicted inFIG. 2 as mobile stations 208 and network switch 210, with the mobilestations 208 communicating with the network switch 210 via cables 212and communicating with the movable object 200 and terminal 202 viawireless communication. However, it shall be understood that theindirect communication link 206 can include any suitable number and typeof network nodes, and the network nodes can be respectively interlinkedusing any suitable type of communication method, as previously describedherein.

In some embodiments, a direct communication link 204 may require line ofsight between the movable object 200 and the terminal 202, while theindirect communication link 206 does not require a line of sight betweenthe movable object and the terminal. Obstructions, such as physicalstructures may hamper a direct communication link, while obstructionsneed not hamper the indirect communication link. In some instances, anindirect communication link may have a larger geographic range than adirect communication clink. Optionally, an indirect communication linkmay be more reliable (i.e., less likely to drop out) than a directcommunication link. In some instances, a direct communication link maybe capable of transmitting data at higher speeds than an indirectcommunication link.

In some embodiments, a communication mode may use a communication linkfor transmitting data, the corresponding communication modules, and/orthe corresponding communication method. A communication mode can beassociated with one or more characteristics, such as data transmissionsignal strength, speed, latency, bandwidth, quality, range, or cost. Thecharacteristics may depend on the properties of the communicationmodule, communication link, and/or communication method of thecommunication mode. Any description herein referring to a communicationmode may be applied to any communication links, communication modules,and/or communication methods used by the communication mode, andvice-versa. For example, a communication mode can use a high speedcommunication method or a low speed communication method. High speed andlow speed can be defined based on a maximum data transmission speed,maximum data throughput, average data transmission speed, or averagedata throughput. The maximum data transmission speed, maximum datathroughput, average data transmission speed, or average data throughputof a low speed communication method can be less than or equal toapproximately: 10 Kbps, 50 Kbps, 100 Kbps, 500 Kbps, 1 Mbps, 5 Mbps, 10Mbps, 50 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 500 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 5 Gbps, or 10 Gbps.Conversely, the maximum data transmission speed, maximum datathroughput, average data transmission speed, or average data throughputof a high speed communication method can be greater than or equal toapproximately: 10 Kbps, 50 Kbps, 100 Kbps, 500 Kbps, 1 Mbps, 5 Mbps, 10Mbps, 50 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 500 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 5 Gbps, or 10 Gbps.Alternatively, high speed and low speed communication methods may bedefined relative to each other and not based on an absolute numericalvalue. For example, a maximum data transmission speed, maximum datathroughput, average data transmission speed, or average data throughputof a low speed communication method may be lower than a maximum datatransmission speed, maximum data throughput, average data transmissionspeed, or average data throughput of a high speed communication method.In some embodiments, some of the communication modes can utilize lowspeed communication methods and some of the communication modes canutilize high speed communication methods. Alternatively, all of thecommunication modes can use low speed communication methods or highspeed communication methods.

Similarly, a communication mode can utilize a long range communicationmethod or a short range communication method. Long range and short rangecan be defined based on a maximum communication distance over which thecommunication modules are still able communicate with each other (e.g.,with sufficient signal strength for data transmission). The maximumcommunication distance of a short range communication method can be lessthan or equal to approximately: 10 m, 50 m, 100 m, 500 m, 1 km, 10 km,50 km, 100 km, 500 km, 1000 km, or 5000 km. Conversely, the maximumcommunication distance of a long range communication method can begreater than or equal to approximately: 10 m, 50 m, 100 m, 500 m, 1 km,10 km, 50 km, 100 km, 500 km, 1000 km, or 5000 km. Optionally, themaximum communication distance of a short range or long rangecommunication method can be within the range of approximately: 10 m to50 m, 10 m to 100 m, 50 m to 500 m, 100 m to 1 km, 100 m to 10 km, 1 kmto 10 km, 1 km to 100 km, 1 km to 1000 km, 100 km to 1000 km, 500 km to5000 km, or 1000 km to 5000 km. Alternatively, long range and shortrange communication methods may be defined relative to each other andnot based on an absolute numerical value. For example, a maximumcommunication distance of a short range communication method may besmaller than a maximum communication distance of a long rangecommunication method. In some embodiments, some of the communicationmodes can utilize short range communication methods and some of thecommunication modes can utilize long range communication methods.Alternatively, all of the communication modules can use short rangecommunication methods or long range communication methods.

The characteristics of a communication mode may change based on a stateof the movable object and/or the terminal (e.g., position, orientation,whether data is currently being transmitted, or the type of data to betransmitted). Alternatively or in combination, the characteristics candepend on a state of the movable object and the terminal relative toeach other, such as the distance between the movable object and theterminal, whether there is line of sight between the movable object andthe terminal, or the direction of data transmission between the movableobject and the terminal. Additional factors such as weather, type ofdata being transmitted, obstructions that may come between the movableobject and terminal, may also affect the communication mode. Forexample, the signal strength of signals received by a communicationmodule may increase as the movable object and terminal move closer toeach other and decrease as the movable object and the terminal move awayfrom each other, or vice-versa. Similarly, the signal quality of signalsreceived by a communication module may increase as the movable objectand terminal move closer to each other and decrease as the movableobject and the terminal move away from each other, or vice-versa.

In some instances, certain communication modes may be more optimal fordata transmission than other communication modes, based on one or morecharacteristics of the communication modes as described herein. Optimalmay refer to a communication mode that is better relative to anothercommunication mode, a communication mode that is better relative to allother communication modes, or a communication mode that meets or exceedsa specified absolute standard. An optimal communication mode may referto a communication mode having the ability to transmit data at thestrength, speed, latency, bandwidth, quality, range, cost, and/or othercharacteristic specified by the user. The characteristics used todetermine an optimal communication mode may vary based on a state of themovable object, terminal, and/or the movable object and terminalrelative to each other. For example, when the movable object and theterminal are relatively close to one another, or within line of sight ofeach other, a point-to-point communication mode (e.g., utilizing WiFi,WiMAX, COFDM) may be more optimal due to its relatively high datatransmission speed and bandwidth and relatively low latency and cost.Conversely, when the movable object and the terminal are relative farfrom each other, or out of line of sight of each other, an indirectcommunication mode (e.g., utilizing mobile phone networks) may be moreoptimal due to its relatively long data transmission range.

Thus, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to provide adaptiveswitching between the plurality of communication modes in order tocontinuously optimize data transmission between the movable object andthe terminal. Adaptive communication mode switching as described hereincan be used to enhance the robustness and stability of data transmissioneven as changes occur in the characteristics of the communication modes,the state of the movable object, the state of the terminal, and/or astate of the movable object and the terminal relative to each other.Furthermore, such adaptive communication mode switching can be used tocombine the advantages of individual communication methods whileminimizing the impact of any communication method-specificdisadvantages. For example, adaptive switching between a high speed,short range communication mode and a low speed, long range communicationmode can provide high data transmission speeds over short distanceswhile maintaining seamless communication over long distances.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration by way of block diagram of a method300 for implementing adaptive communication mode switching, inaccordance with embodiments. Any suitable device or system can be usedto practice the method 300, such as the embodiments described herein.The steps of the method 300 can be practiced by a device or systemsituated on a movable object and/or a terminal.

In step 310, the movable object and/or the terminal connects to multiplecommunication modes. In some embodiments, a plurality of communicationmodules of the movable object can be used to establish a plurality ofsimultaneous respective communication links to a remote terminal, orvice-versa. A suitable controller or control system may cause thecommunication modules to establish the communication links via controlsignals, as described in further detail below. Establishing acommunication link may involve each of a pair of communication modulesreceiving a signal from the other communication module, for example, ata specified signal strength and/or specified signal quality. Thespecified signal strength can be a signal strength greater than or equalto a threshold strength value for data transmission. In someembodiments, the threshold strength value can be determined based on thereceiver sensitivity of the receivers of the communication modules. Thethreshold strength value can be less than or equal to approximately:−150 dBm, −100 dBm, −90 dBm, −80 d dBm, −70 dBm, −60 dBm, −50 dBm, −40dBm, −30 dBm, −20 dBm, −10 dBm, or 0 dBm. Conversely, the thresholdstrength value can be greater than or equal to approximately: −150 dBm,−100 dBm, −90 dBm, −80 d dBm, −70 dBm, −60 dBm, −50 dBm, −40 dBm, −30dBm, −20 dBm, −10 dBm, or 0 dBm. The specified signal quality can bebased on a bit error rate (BER) of data transmission. For example, acommunication link can be considered to be of sufficient quality fordata transmission if the BER is less than a specified threshold BERvalue for a certain time interval. The threshold BER value can be lessthan or equal to approximately: 10⁰, 10⁻¹, 10⁻², 10⁻³, 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁶,10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁸, 10⁻⁹, or 10⁻¹⁰. Conversely, the threshold BER value can begreater than or equal to approximately: 10⁰, 10⁻¹, 10⁻², 10⁻³, 10⁻⁴,10⁻⁵, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁸, 10⁻⁹, or 10⁻¹⁰.

In some embodiments, in order to establish a communication link for anetwork-based communication mode, it may be necessary for a pair ofcommunication modules to exchange network identification data with eachother. For example, a communication module utilizing an InternetProtocol (IP) network (e.g., mobile phone networks, the Internet, orInternet-based networks) to communicate may be associated with a uniqueIP address. The IP address can be a static IP address or a dynamic IPaddress. In order to transmit data to the corresponding recipientcommunication module, it may be necessary to know the recipient module'sIP address.

Any suitable method can be used to obtain the network identificationdata of the recipient communication module. In some instances, if theidentification data is fixed (e.g., a static IP address) or otherwiseknown prior to operation, then the identification data of each of a pairof communication modules can be directly provided to the other (e.g.,via user input or hard-coded into memory). Alternatively, if theidentification data is dynamically determined (e.g., a dynamic IPaddress) or otherwise unknown prior to operation, the identificationdata can be mutually exchanged in step 310. In some embodiments, theidentification data can be exchanged using another communication linkthat has already been established. For example, if a directcommunication link is already available, the identification data for anetwork-based communication link (e.g., an IP address for a mobile phonenetwork, the Internet, or Internet-based networks) can be mutuallyexchanged via the direct communication link. Alternatively or incombination, the identification data of a communication module can betransmitted to an intermediary configured to route the identificationdata to the corresponding recipient communication module. For example,each of a pair of communication modules can transmit its IP address to apublic server having a known IP address. The public server can beconfigured to recognize that the communication modules are paired (e.g.,by user input or hard-coding). Accordingly, the public server cantransmit the IP address of each communication module to its partnercommunication module, thereby facilitating the IP address exchange.

In some embodiments, establishing a communication link for anetwork-based communication mode may not require the mutual exchange ofnetwork identification data between communication modules. For example,a network-based communication mode can involve sending all data to anintermediary (e.g., a public server) responsible for routing the data tothe correct recipient communication module. Accordingly, eachcommunication module may only need to know the network identificationdata (e.g., IP address) of the intermediary in order to transmit data tothe recipient communication module.

In step 320, the characteristics of each of the plurality of establishedcommunication modes are evaluated. Suitable characteristics forevaluation may include one or more of signal strength, speed, latency,bandwidth, quality, range, or cost, as previously described herein. Insome instances, the characteristics may be quantifiable characteristics,such that evaluating the characteristics involves calculating one ormore numerical values representative of the characteristics. Thenumerical values may include a mean value (e.g., a mean value overtime), a median value, a mode value, a maximum value, a minimum value,or a range of values.

In step 330, at least one communication mode is selected for datatransmission (e.g., by a suitable controller or processor as describedelsewhere herein) based on the evaluation of step 320 and a switchingcriterion. In some embodiments, the switching criterion can beimplemented to actively select one or more optimal communication modesfrom a plurality of simultaneously available communication modes (e.g.,communication modes that are not disconnected, dropped, or otherwiseincapable of communicating data). Optionally, the step 330 may alsoinclude automatically excluding any communication modes that are notcurrently available from the selection process.

The switching criterion can be a predetermined switching criterion inputby a user or preconfigured for the movable object. For example, theswitching criterion can be stored into a memory of the movable objectprior to operation of the movable object. Alternatively, the switchingcriterion can be transmitted to the movable object prior to or duringoperation, such as from a remote terminal. In some instances, theswitching criterion may be dynamically determined based on one or moredynamically changing parameters. For example, the switching criterionmay be dynamically determined based on a state of the movable objectand/or the terminal (e.g., position, orientation, whether data iscurrently being transmitted, or the type of data to be transmitted). Theswitching criterion can be dynamically determined based on a state ofthe movable object and the terminal relative to each other, such as thedistance between the movable object and the terminal, whether there isline of sight between the movable object and the terminal, or thedirection of data transmission between the movable object and theterminal. In some embodiments, the switching criterion can bedynamically determined based on a state of a payload of the movableobject, such as a state of a payload camera (e.g., position,orientation, whether it is turned on or off, whether it is recording,recording frame rate, the number of images recorded, image resolution,image size, or image quality). Alternatively or in combination, theswitching criterion can be dynamically determined based on a state ofone or more of the plurality of communication modules (e.g., whether itis turned on or off; signal strength, speed, latency, bandwidth,quality, range, or cost). Determination of the switching criterion mayoccur continuously (e.g., in real-time) or periodically (e.g., atspecified time intervals or in response to certain events).

In some embodiments, the switching criterion can include a plurality ofrules or instructions to be followed when selecting a communicationmode. For example, a rule can include selecting one or morecommunication modes that meet a predetermined standard. In someinstances, the rule can include selecting all communication modes thatmeet a predetermined standard. Conversely, a rule can include rejectingone or more communication modes that do not meet a predeterminedstandard. A rule can include rejecting all communication modes that donot meet a predetermined standard.

In some embodiments, the switching criterion can be based one or morecharacteristics of a communication mode, such as the characteristicsevaluated and/or calculated in step 320. For example, the predeterminedstandard may be a standard for one or more characteristics of acommunication mode. In some instances, the predetermined standard andthe characteristic can be expressed as numerical values. Optionally, acalculation can be performed to determine whether the characteristicmeets the predetermined standard. The predetermined standard can includea minimum threshold value that the characteristic must exceed.Alternatively or in combination, the predetermined standard can includea maximum threshold value that the characteristic cannot exceed. Thepredetermined standard can include a range of values that thecharacteristic must remain within. Alternatively, the predeterminedstandard can include a range of values that the characteristic is notallowed to be.

In some instances, a predetermined signal strength threshold value canbe determined for a received signal strength of a communication mode.Accordingly, the switching criterion can include a rule to select anycommunication modes having a received signal strength exceeding apredetermined threshold strength value. Alternatively, the switchingcriterion can include a rule to select a plurality of communicationmodes in order of highest received signal strength. Optionally, theswitching criterion may include a rule to select only the singlecommunication mode having the highest received signal strength.Furthermore, the switching criterion can include a rule to switch awayfrom a communication mode having a received signal strength less than apredetermined threshold strength value or a received signal strength ofanother communication mode.

For example, a switching criterion can be implemented to select one of apoint-to-point communication mode and an indirect communication mode fortransmitting data. The switching criterion can include a rule to selectthe communication mode having the highest received signal strength. Whencommunicating over a short range or within line of sight, thepoint-to-point method may have a higher signal strength than theindirect communication mode, and is thus selected over the indirectcommunication mode for data transmission. Conversely, when communicatingover a long range or out of line of sight, the indirect communicationmode may have a higher signal strength than the point-to-pointcommunication mode, and is thus selected over the point-to-pointcommunication mode for data transmission.

Similarly, a predetermined signal quality threshold value can bedetermined for a received signal quality of a communication mode. Forexample, switching criterion can include a rule to select anycommunication modes having a received signal quality exceeding apredetermined threshold quality value. In some instances, thepredetermined threshold quality value can be based on a specified BER(e.g., a user-input BER or a BER stored in memory). For example, datatransmissions calculated to have a BER less than the specified BER for acertain time interval may be considered to have a signal qualityexceeding the predetermined threshold quality value. Alternatively, theswitching criterion can include a rule to select a plurality ofcommunication modes in order of highest received signal quality.Optionally, the switching criterion may include a rule to select onlythe single communication mode having the highest received signalquality. Furthermore, the switching criterion can include a rule toswitch away from a communication mode having a received signal qualityless than a predetermined threshold quality value or a received signalquality of another communication mode. In some instances, datatransmissions having a BER greater than a specified BER for a certaintime interval may be considered to have a signal quality less than thepredetermined threshold quality value.

For example, a switching criterion can be implemented to select one of apoint-to-point communication mode and an indirect communication mode fortransmitting data. The switching criterion can include a rule to selectthe communication mode having the highest received signal quality. Whencommunicating over a short range or within line of sight, thepoint-to-point method may have a lower BER than the indirectcommunication mode, and is thus selected over the indirect communicationmode for data transmission. Conversely, when communicating over a longrange or out of line of sight, the indirect communication mode may havea lower BER than the point-to-point communication mode, and is thusselected over the point-to-point communication mode for datatransmission.

In some embodiments, the switching criterion can include a rule toprioritize one or more prioritized communication modes relative to othercommunication modes. For example, if a prioritized communication mode isavailable, the switching criterion can include a rule to always selectthe prioritized communication mode for transmitting data regardless ofits evaluated characteristics. Alternatively, the switching criterioncan include a rule to always select the prioritized communication modeunless one or more of its evaluated characteristics fails to meet apredetermined standard. Conversely, a non-prioritized or backupcommunication mode may be never selected for data transmission, unlessthe prioritized communication mode is unavailable or fails to meet apredetermined standard.

In some embodiments, a prioritized communication mode may utilize apoint-to-point communication method. Accordingly, the switchingcriterion may include a rule to use the prioritized communication modeto transmit data under most circumstances. However, in some instances,the prioritized communication mode may not be optimal. For example, apoint-to-point communication method may be unavailable, have a signalstrength less than a predetermined strength threshold value, or a signalquality less than a predetermined quality threshold value in someinstances, such as when the movable object and the terminal areseparated by a large distance or not within line of sight of each other.Consequently, under these circumstances, the switching criterion mayinclude a rule to switch to using a non-prioritized communicationmethod, such as an indirect communication method.

In step 340, data is transmitted along the one or more selectedcommunication modes. Any suitable type of data can be transmitted usingthe selected communication modes. For example, the data can include datacollected by the movable object, such as sensor data collected by one ormore sensors of the movable object. The sensor data can include positiondata, orientation data, motion data, proximity data, image data, and thelike. In some embodiments, the data can include control data, such ascontrol data generated by the terminal and configured to control a stateof the movable object (e.g., altitude, latitude, longitude, roll angle,pitch angle, yaw angle). Other examples of control data generated by theterminal are described in further detail elsewhere herein. In someembodiments, the data can be generated by another entity incommunication with the movable object and/or terminal. For example, themovable object may obtain and transmit sensor data from one or moresensors provided separately from the movable object (e.g., on anothermovable object or remote device). As another example, the terminal mayobtain and transmit control data from a remote device communicating withthe terminal.

The data can be transmitted using suitable transmitter or transceiver ofa communication module of the selected communication modes, aspreviously described herein. In some embodiments, in order to ensureseamless and continuous data transmission, suitable coordination methodscan be implemented to ensure that data is not delayed or dropped whenswitching from one communication mode to another. For example, asuitable coordination method can be based at least in part on amultipath transmission control protocol (multipath TCP) or any otherprotocol adapted for allow seamless data transmission over a pluralityof networks. The coordination method can also be based at least in parton a mobile IP (e.g., Mobile IPv4 or Mobile IPv6) or any other protocoladapted to allow a device to roam between a plurality of networks whilemaintaining a set network IP address. One or more coordination methodsmay be implemented during other steps of the method 300 to ensureseamless data transmission during step 340. For example, the step 310can include connecting to multiple communication modes using multipathTCP- and/or mobile IP-based methods.

In some embodiments, data can be transmitted along other communicationmodes in addition to the one or more selected communication modes. Theother communication modes can be used to ensure seamless datatransmission even as switching occurs. For example, when switching froma first communication mode to a second communication mode, datatransmission can occur via both modes for a certain period of timebefore switching to transmitting exclusively via the secondcommunication mode. Alternatively, data can be continuously transmittedusing a backup communication mode in addition to the selectedcommunication mode. This approach can be used to ensure seamlessconnectivity even when sudden interruptions in the selectedcommunication mode occur. The backup communication mode can be acommunication mode having a relatively long range (e.g., mobile phonenetwork) such that it is unlikely to be interrupted or disconnected. Thebackup communication mode can transmit the same data as the selectedcommunication mode. Optionally, the backup communication mode can justtransmit a small amount of data (e.g., a heartbeat) when the selectedcommunication mode is operating normally, which may be advantageous forminimizing data transmission costs.

The steps of the method 300 can be performed in any suitable order. Someof the steps can be repeated more than once. Some of the steps may beoptional. For example, step 310 can be performed continuously duringoperation of the movable object, such that communication links arecontinuously being established or reestablished as the states of themovable object, terminal, and/or communication modules change (e.g., asthe movable object moves closer to or farther from the terminal, as thesignal strength received by a communication module increases ordecreases). Alternatively, the communication links may be maintainedonce established, such that step 310 only needs to be performed once.Steps 320, 330, and/or 340 can be repeated at any suitable frequencyduring operation of the movable object in order to continuously monitorand optimize data transmission.

FIG. 4 illustrates a movable object 400 configured for adaptivecommunication mode switching, in accordance with embodiments. Themovable object 400 can be a self-propelled movable object withpropulsion units 402, 404. The propulsion units 402, 404 can be anysuitable propulsion system, such as the embodiments described herein.The movable object 400 can communicate to a remote terminal using aplurality of communication modes, including a first communication modeutilizing a first communication module 406 and a second communicationmode utilizing a second communication module 408. The movable object canalso include a controller 410, a position sensing unit 412, and/or apayload 414.

Although the remote terminal is not depicted in FIG. 4, it is understoodthat the remote terminal can also include a plurality of communicationmodules corresponding to the communication modules of the movable object400, and can also include a controller operable to control thecommunication modules and implement adaptive communication modeswitching as described herein for the controller 410. Accordingly, anydescription of adaptive communication mode switching provided hereinwith respect to the movable object can also be applied to the remoteterminal.

The plurality of communication modules, including first and secondcommunication modules 406 and 408, can each be configured to communicatewith a corresponding communication module of the remote terminal, aspreviously described herein. In some embodiments, the communicationmodules are operably coupled to the payload 414 and configured totransmit data from the payload 414. For example, the communicationmodules can be used to transmit sensing data collected from one or moresensors of the payload 414, such as image data collected by a camera.Any description herein relating to transmission of image data can beapplied to transmission of other types of data, and vice-versa. In someembodiments, all of the communication modules can be used to transmitdata from the payload 414. Alternatively, only some of the communicationmodules may be operable to transmit payload data. Additionally, althoughthe embodiment of FIG. 4 depicts only payload data being transmitted,other types of data can also be transmitted via the plurality ofcommunication modules. For example, position, orientation, and/ormovement data of the movable object 400, which can be provided usingsuitable sensors of the position sensing unit 412, can also betransmitted remotely using the plurality of communication modules. Asanother example, flight parameter data of the movable object 400 (e.g.,position, velocity, acceleration, flight trajectory or plan, or anyother suitable parameters of the movable object 400 during flight).

In some embodiments, a controller 410 can be used to provide controlsignals enabling adaptive communication mode switching between theplurality of communication modes, such as between first and secondcommunication modes utilizing the first and second communication modules406 and 408. The controller 410 can be an on-board controller situatedon the movable object 400. Alternatively, the controller can be a deviceseparate from or external to the movable object 400, such as a componentof a remote terminal. The controller 410 may include a processing unitand a non-transitory computer readable medium including instructionsexecutable by the processing unit, such as the embodiments describedelsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the controller 410 can beconfigured to implement an adaptive communication mode switching method,such as the methods described herein (e.g., the method 600). Forexample, the controller 410 can be operably coupled to the plurality ofcommunication modules and configured to control the plurality ofcommunication modules to establish a plurality of simultaneousrespective communication links to a remote terminal. In some instances,one or more processors of the controller 410 can be configured to selectat least one of the plurality of communication modes to be used fortransmitting data, based on a switching criterion. The controller 410can also be configured to cause data transmission to occur using thecommunication modules of the selected communication modes.

In some instances, the movable object can be configured to generate andtransmit image data to a terminal or other remote device (e.g., foraerial surveillance or reconnaissance). Image data may include snapshotsor video imagery. The movable object (e.g., UAV) may be used forphotography and/or videography. Transmission of image data may requirehigher speed, lower latency, and/or larger bandwidth compared totransmission of other types of data (e.g., control data, position data,orientation data, or motion data). Existing approaches for transmittingimage data from a movable object may be limited to transmission overrelatively short distances. However, the systems, methods, and devicesfor adaptive communication mode switching described herein can providerobust and seamless image transmission over long distances.

FIG. 5 illustrates a movable object 500 configured for adaptivecommunication mode switching for image data transmission, in accordancewith embodiments. The movable object 500 can be a self-propelled movableobject having a plurality of propulsion systems, as previously describedherein. The movable object 500 can include a camera or image sensor 502,which can be part of a payload. Alternatively, as previously mentioned,the camera 502 can provided separately from the movable object 500(e.g., on a different movable object or other remote device incommunication with the movable object 500). Other types of sensingsystems can also be used, as previously described herein, and thedescription herein pertaining to transmission of image data can beapplied to transmission of any type of data. The camera 502 can besupported by a carrier or other suitable mounting platform (not shown).The camera 502 can be mounted on any suitable portion of the movableobject 500, such as on the top, on the bottom, on the front, on theback, or on a side of the movable object 500. For example, the cameracan be mounted on the underside of the movable object 500 and pointingdownwards relative to the movable object 500, such that its field ofview 504 is primarily directed downwards. However, the field of view 504may also be oriented in other directions relative to the movable object500, such as above, in front, behind, or to a side of the movable object500. Optionally, the camera 502 can be moved relative to the movableobject 500, such as translated with up to three degrees of freedom orrotated with up to three degrees of freedom, such that the field of view504 can be correspondingly altered. When desired, the size of the fieldof view 504 can be changed, such as by changing the focus or zoomsettings of the camera 502. The field of view can be altered in responseto an instruction from an external object, such as a terminal, or may beadjusted automatically with aid of a processor.

The camera 502 can be used to generate image data 506 of the field ofview 504. The image data 506 can include still images (e.g.,photographs) or dynamic images (e.g., video). The image data 506 can beassociated with one or more image parameters, such as file size,resolution, frame rate, quality, or format. The image parameters caninfluence the requirements for optimal image data transmission. Forexample, a high speed communication method may be preferred fortransmitting images with large file sizes, high resolution, and/or highquality. Conversely, images that have small file sizes, low resolution,and/or low quality may be suitable for transmission using either highspeed or low speed communication methods. In some instances, videoimages captured at a high frame rate may require high speedcommunication methods to achieve real-time streaming to a remote user,while video images capture data at a low frame rate may be transmittedusing low speed communication methods without imparting substantialstreaming delays.

In some embodiments, the image data 506 can be transmitted from themovable object 500 to the terminal 508 using a plurality ofcommunication modes, as previously described herein. Any suitable numberand combination of communication modes can be used. For example, a firstcommunication module of the movable object 500 can implement apoint-to-point communication method (e.g., WiFi, WiMAX, COFDM) fortransmitting the image data 506 via a first communication link 510. Asecond communication module of the movable object 500 can utilize anindirect communication method (e.g., mobile phone networks) fortransmitting the image data 506 via a second communication link 512. Thesecond communication link 512 can include a plurality of intermediatenetwork nodes 514 for transmitting the image data 506, which can be ofany number or type as previously described herein. The indirectcommunication method may have a transmission speed slower than that ofthe point-to-point communication method, but fast enough forsatisfactory image data transmission. In some instances, the image datamay be transmitted to the terminal via one or more indirectcommunication methods without utilizing direct communication methods.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method 600 for adaptivecommunication mode switching for image data transmission, in accordancewith embodiments. The method 600 can be implemented by any suitableembodiment of the systems and devices described herein. As previouslymentioned, descriptions pertaining to image data can be applied to anytype of data. Additionally, although FIG. 6 depicts a short rangecommunication link and a long range communication link, the method 600can be applied to any number of communication links having any suitableproperties, as described elsewhere herein.

In step 610 of the method 600, the movable object connects to a shortrange communication link and a long range communication link (e.g.,using corresponding short range and long range communication modules).Short range and long range may refer to absolute or relative datatransmission ranges. For example, a short range communication link mayhave a maximum communication distance that is smaller than a maximumcommunication distance of a long range communication link. The short andlong range communication links can be used to communicate with a remoteterminal, as previously described.

To adaptively switch between using the short range and long rangecommunication link for data transmission, a switching criterion can beimplemented, as depicted in the steps 620, 630, and 640. In FIG. 6, theimplementation of the switching criterion is depicted as prioritizingthe short range communication link over the long range communicationlink. For example, the short range communication link may be prioritizeddue to having superior data transmission speed, latency, bandwidth,quality, and/or cost compared to the long range communication link.However, in some embodiments, the long range communication link may beprioritized over the short range communication link. Alternatively,implementation of the switching criterion may not prioritize either ofthe communication links.

In step 620, it is determined whether the characteristics of the shortrange communication link are meeting a transmission criterion fortransmitting image data. The characteristics can include one or more ofsignal strength, speed, latency, bandwidth, quality, range, or cost, aspreviously described herein. Similar to the predetermined standard of aswitching criterion, the transmission criterion can be a standard orcriterion for the characteristics of a short range communication link.The step 620 can include evaluating the characteristics, such asproviding a numerical value representative of the characteristics, asdescribed elsewhere herein. Meeting the transmission criterion may referto exceeding a numerical value (e.g., specified by the transmissioncriterion), being less than a numerical value, being equal to anumerical value, being within a range of numerical values, or beingoutside a range of numerical values.

If the characteristics meet the transmission criterion, then step 630 isperformed, in which image data is transmitted along the short rangetransmission link. Conversely, if the characteristics do not meet thetransmission criterion, then step 640 is performed, in which the imagedata is transmitted along the long range transmission link. For example,the characteristics of the short range communication link may fail tomeet the transmission criterion when the movable object is far away froma remote terminal, or when there is no line of sight between the movableobject and the remote terminal (e.g., line of sight is obstructed bytrees, buildings, terrain, and other structures).

In some embodiments, the image data can also be transmittedsimultaneously along both communication links. For example, in step 630,the long range communication link can be simultaneously employed totransmit image data. The simultaneous transmission may occur for only ashort period of time (e.g., to provide overlap for seamless switchingbetween communication links) or for a prolonged period of time (e.g., toprovide redundancy between communication methods). In some instances,during step 630, the long range communication link can be simultaneouslyemployed to transmit data other than image data, such as a heartbeat aspreviously described herein.

The steps of the method 600 can be performed in any suitable order. Someof the steps can be repeated more than once. Some of the steps may beoptional. For example, step 610 can be performed continuously duringoperation of the movable object, such that the long range and shortrange communication links are constantly being established orreestablished as the states of the movable object, terminal, and/orcommunication links change. Alternatively, the communication links maybe maintained once established, such that step 610 only needs to beperformed once. In some embodiments, steps 620, 630, and/or 640 can berepeated at any suitable frequency during operation of the movableobject to provide continuous optimization of image data transmission.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method 700 for forward errorcorrection (FEC) for data transmission, in accordance with embodiments.The method 700 can be implemented by any suitable embodiment of thesystems and devices described herein, and can be used in combinationwith any suitable data transmission method. Advantageously, FEC of datatransmissions can be used to reduce the incidence of errors and/orpacket loss, and thus may be applied to data transmission viacommunication modes in which the probability of errors and/or packetloss is relatively high. Since FEC does not require any retransmissionof the original data, data latency issues can be avoided. The FECtechniques described herein can be applied to some or all of thecommunication modes described herein. For example, FEC can be used onlyfor communication modes in which data is transmitted through one or moreintermediate network nodes (e.g., indirect communication modes such asmobile phone networks). Conversely, FEC can be used only for directcommunication modes. In some instances, FEC can be used for bothindirect and direct communication modes.

In step 710, the original data to be transmitted is provided. The datacan include any suitable type of data generated by or provided to themovable object (or terminal), such as image data, control data, positiondata, orientation data, motion data, and the like. In some embodiments,the original data can be provided to a movable object by an operablycoupled payload, as described elsewhere herein.

In step 720, the original data is encoded to add redundant data. In someembodiments, the data can be encoded using a predetermined algorithm(e.g., an algorithm for an error-correcting code) such that theredundant data is a function of the original data. Preferably, theencoding is designed such that the original data can be recovered fromthe redundant data, as described below. The step 720 can be performed,for instance, by a suitable onboard processor. Once the original datahas been encoded, it can then be transmitted to a receiving entity(e.g., a movable object or terminal), using any of the communicationmodes described herein.

In some instances, some of the data may be lost during data transmission(e.g., due to signal degradation, packet drop, noise, etc.).Accordingly, in step 730, the receiving entity decodes the received datato obtain lost data, if any, from the redundant data. The decoding canbe performed (e.g., by one or more processors) using a suitable decodingalgorithm. In some embodiments, the decoding algorithm may be selectedbased on the encoding algorithm used in step 710.

In step 740, the data is reconstructed to obtain the original data. Bycombining the recovered lost data (if any) with the correctlytransmitted data, the receiving entity can obtain the original dataprovided by the transmitting entity.

As previously mentioned, steps 710 and 720 can be performed by asuitable transmitting entity, and steps 730 and 740 can be performed bya suitable receiving entity. For example, the transmitting entity may bea terminal and the receiving entity may be a movable object, orvice-versa. The method 700 can be applied to data transmissions from theterminal to the movable object, data transmissions from the movableobject to the terminal, or to data transmissions occurring along bothdirections. In some embodiments, the method 700 can be performed by asuitable processing system of or operably connected to the communicationmodules of the transmitting and/or receiving entities.

The systems, devices, and methods described herein can be applied to awide variety of movable objects. As previously mentioned, anydescription herein of an aerial vehicle may apply to and be used for anymovable object. A movable object of the present invention can beconfigured to move within any suitable environment, such as in air(e.g., a fixed-wing aircraft, a rotary-wing aircraft, or an aircrafthaving neither fixed wings nor rotary wings), in water (e.g., a ship ora submarine), on ground (e.g., a motor vehicle, such as a car, truck,bus, van, motorcycle; a movable structure or frame such as a stick,fishing pole; or a train), under the ground (e.g., a subway), in space(e.g., a spaceplane, a satellite, or a probe), or any combination ofthese environments. The movable object can be a vehicle, such as avehicle described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the movableobject can be mounted on a living subject, such as a human or an animal.Suitable animals can include avines, canines, felines, equines, bovines,ovines, porcines, delphines, rodents, or insects.

The movable object may be capable of moving freely within theenvironment with respect to six degrees of freedom (e.g., three degreesof freedom in translation and three degrees of freedom in rotation).Alternatively, the movement of the movable object can be constrainedwith respect to one or more degrees of freedom, such as by apredetermined path, track, or orientation. The movement can be actuatedby any suitable actuation mechanism, such as an engine or a motor. Theactuation mechanism of the movable object can be powered by any suitableenergy source, such as electrical energy, magnetic energy, solar energy,wind energy, gravitational energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, orany suitable combination thereof. The movable object may beself-propelled via a propulsion system, such as described further below.The propulsion system may optionally run on an energy source, such aselectrical energy, magnetic energy, solar energy, wind energy,gravitational energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, or any suitablecombination thereof. Alternatively, the movable object may be carried bya living being.

In some instances, the movable object can be a vehicle. Suitablevehicles may include water vehicles, aerial vehicles, space vehicles, orground vehicles. For example, aerial vehicles may be fixed-wing aircraft(e.g., airplane, gliders), rotary-wing aircraft (e.g., helicopters,rotorcraft), aircraft having both fixed wings and rotary wings, oraircraft having neither (e.g., blimps, hot air balloons). A vehicle canbe self-propelled, such as self-propelled through the air, on or inwater, in space, or on or under the ground. A self-propelled vehicle canutilize a propulsion system, such as a propulsion system including oneor more engines, motors, wheels, axles, magnets, rotors, propellers,blades, nozzles, or any suitable combination thereof. In some instances,the propulsion system can be used to enable the movable object to takeoff from a surface, land on a surface, maintain its current positionand/or orientation (e.g., hover), change orientation, and/or changeposition.

For example, the propulsion system can include one or more rotors. Arotor can include one or more blades (e.g., one, two, three, four, ormore blades) affixed to a central shaft. The blades can be disposedsymmetrically or asymmetrically about the central shaft. The blades canbe turned by rotation of the central shaft, which can be driven by asuitable motor or engine. The blades can be configured to spin in aclockwise rotation and/or a counterclockwise rotation. The rotor can bea horizontal rotor (which may refer to a rotor having a horizontal planeof rotation), a vertically oriented rotor (which may refer to a rotorhaving a vertical plane of rotation), or a rotor tilted at anintermediate angle between the horizontal and vertical positions. Insome embodiments, horizontally oriented rotors may spin and provide liftto the movable object. Vertically oriented rotors may spin and providethrust to the movable object. Rotors oriented an intermediate anglebetween the horizontal and vertical positions may spin and provide bothlift and thrust to the movable object. One or more rotors may be used toprovide a torque counteracting a torque produced by the spinning ofanother rotor.

The movable object can be controlled remotely by a user or controlledlocally by an occupant within or on the movable object. In someembodiments, the movable object is an unmanned movable object, such as aUAV. An unmanned movable object, such as a UAV, may not have an occupantonboard the movable object. The movable object can be controlled by ahuman or an autonomous control system (e.g., a computer control system),or any suitable combination thereof. The movable object can be anautonomous or semi-autonomous robot, such as a robot configured with anartificial intelligence.

The movable object can have any suitable size and/or dimensions. In someembodiments, the movable object may be of a size and/or dimensions tohave a human occupant within or on the vehicle. Alternatively, themovable object may be of size and/or dimensions smaller than thatcapable of having a human occupant within or on the vehicle. The movableobject may be of a size and/or dimensions suitable for being lifted orcarried by a human. Alternatively, the movable object may be larger thana size and/or dimensions suitable for being lifted or carried by ahuman. In some instances, the movable object may have a maximumdimension (e.g., length, width, height, diameter, diagonal) of less thanor equal to about: 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, or 10 m. Themaximum dimension may be greater than or equal to about: 2 cm, 5 cm, 10cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, or 10 m. For example, the distance betweenshafts of opposite rotors of the movable object may be less than orequal to about: 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m, or 10 m.Alternatively, the distance between shafts of opposite rotors may begreater than or equal to about: 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 50 cm, 1 m, 2 m, 5 m,or 10 m.

In some embodiments, the movable object may have a volume of less than100 cm×100 cm×100 cm, less than 50 cm×50 cm×30 cm, or less than 5 cm×5cm×3 cm. The total volume of the movable object may be less than orequal to about: 1 cm³, 2 cm³, 5 cm³, 10 cm³, 20 cm³, 30 cm³, 40 cm³, 50cm³, 60 cm³, 70 cm³, 80 cm³, 90 cm³, 100 cm³, 150 cm³, 200 cm³, 300 cm³,500 cm³, 750 cm³, 1000 cm³, 5000 cm³, 10,000 cm³, 100,000 cm³, 1 m³, or10 m³. Conversely, the total volume of the movable object may be greaterthan or equal to about: 1 cm³, 2 cm³, 5 cm³, 10 cm³, 20 cm³, 30 cm³, 40cm³, 50 cm³, 60 cm³, 70 cm³, 80 cm³, 90 cm³, 100 cm³, 150 cm³, 200 cm³,300 cm³, 500 cm³, 750 cm³, 1000 cm³, 5000 cm³, 10,000 cm³, 100,000 cm³,1 m³, or 10 m³.

In some embodiments, the movable object may have a footprint (which mayrefer to the lateral cross-sectional area encompassed by the movableobject) less than or equal to about: 32,000 cm², 20,000 cm², 10,000 cm²,1,000 cm², 500 cm², 100 cm², 50 cm², 10 cm², or 5 cm².

Conversely, the footprint may be greater than or equal to about: 32,000cm², 20,000 cm², 10,000 cm², 1,000 cm², 500 cm², 100 cm², 50 cm², 10cm², or 5 cm².

In some instances, the movable object may weigh no more than 1000 kg.The weight of the movable object may be less than or equal to about:1000 kg, 750 kg, 500 kg, 200 kg, 150 kg, 100 kg, 80 kg, 70 kg, 60 kg, 50kg, 45 kg, 40 kg, 35 kg, 30 kg, 25 kg, 20 kg, 15 kg, 12 kg, 10 kg, 9 kg,8 kg, 7 kg, 6 kg, 5 kg, 4 kg, 3 kg, 2 kg, 1 kg, 0.5 kg, 0.1 kg, 0.05 kg,or 0.01 kg. Conversely, the weight may be greater than or equal toabout: 1000 kg, 750 kg, 500 kg, 200 kg, 150 kg, 100 kg, 80 kg, 70 kg, 60kg, 50 kg, 45 kg, 40 kg, 35 kg, 30 kg, 25 kg, 20 kg, 15 kg, 12 kg, 10kg, 9 kg, 8 kg, 7 kg, 6 kg, 5 kg, 4 kg, 3 kg, 2 kg, 1 kg, 0.5 kg, 0.1kg, 0.05 kg, or 0.01 kg.

In some embodiments, a movable object may be small relative to a loadcarried by the movable object. The load may include a payload and/or acarrier, as described in further detail below. In some examples, a ratioof an movable object weight to a load weight may be greater than, lessthan, or equal to about 1:1. In some instances, a ratio of an movableobject weight to a load weight may be greater than, less than, or equalto about 1:1. Optionally, a ratio of a carrier weight to a load weightmay be greater than, less than, or equal to about 1:1. When desired, theratio of an movable object weight to a load weight may be less than orequal to: 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10, or even less. Conversely, the ratioof an movable object weight to a load weight can also be greater than orequal to: 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 10:1, or even greater.

In some embodiments, the movable object may have low energy consumption.For example, the movable object may use less than about: 5 W/h, 4 W/h, 3W/h, 2 W/h, 1 W/h, or less. In some instances, a carrier of the movableobject may have low energy consumption. For example, the carrier may useless than about: 5 W/h, 4 W/h, 3 W/h, 2 W/h, 1 W/h, or less. Optionally,a payload of the movable object may have low energy consumption, such asless than about: 5 W/h, 4 W/h, 3 W/h, 2 W/h, 1 W/h, or less.

FIG. 8 illustrates an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 800, in accordancewith embodiments of the present invention. The UAV may be an example ofa movable object as described herein. The UAV 800 can include apropulsion system having four rotors 802, 804, 806, and 808. Any numberof rotors may be provided (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, ormore). The rotors or other propulsion systems of the unmanned aerialvehicle may enable the unmanned aerial vehicle to hover/maintainposition, change orientation, and/or change location. The distancebetween shafts of opposite rotors can be any suitable length 810. Forexample, the length 810 can be less than or equal to 2 m, or less thanequal to 5 m. In some embodiments, the length 810 can be within a rangefrom 40 cm to 7 m, from 70 cm to 2 m, or from 5 cm to 5 m. Anydescription herein of a UAV may apply to a movable object, such as amovable object of a different type, and vice versa.

In some embodiments, the movable object can be configured to carry aload. The load can include one or more of passengers, cargo, equipment,instruments, and the like. The load can be provided within a housing.The housing may be separate from a housing of the movable object, or bepart of a housing for an movable object. Alternatively, the load can beprovided with a housing while the movable object does not have ahousing. Alternatively, portions of the load or the entire load can beprovided without a housing. The load can be rigidly fixed relative tothe movable object. Optionally, the load can be movable relative to themovable object (e.g., translatable or rotatable relative to the movableobject).

In some embodiments, the load includes a payload. The payload can beconfigured not to perform any operation or function. Alternatively, thepayload can be a payload configured to perform an operation or function,also known as a functional payload. For example, the payload can includeone or more sensors for surveying one or more targets. Any suitablesensor can be incorporated into the payload, such as an image capturedevice (e.g., a camera), an audio capture device (e.g., a parabolicmicrophone), an infrared imaging device, or an ultraviolet imagingdevice. The sensor can provide static sensing data (e.g., a photograph)or dynamic sensing data (e.g., a video). In some embodiments, the sensorprovides sensing data for the target of the payload. Alternatively or incombination, the payload can include one or more emitters for providingsignals to one or more targets. Any suitable emitter can be used, suchas an illumination source or a sound source. In some embodiments, thepayload includes one or more transceivers, such as for communicationwith a module remote from the movable object. Optionally, the payloadcan be configured to interact with the environment or a target. Forexample, the payload can include a tool, instrument, or mechanismcapable of manipulating objects, such as a robotic arm.

Optionally, the load may include a carrier. The carrier can be providedfor the payload and the payload can be coupled to the movable object viathe carrier, either directly (e.g., directly contacting the movableobject) or indirectly (e.g., not contacting the movable object).Conversely, the payload can be mounted on the movable object withoutrequiring a carrier. The payload can be integrally formed with thecarrier. Alternatively, the payload can be releasably coupled to thecarrier. In some embodiments, the payload can include one or morepayload elements, and one or more of the payload elements can be movablerelative to the movable object and/or the carrier, as described above.

The carrier can be integrally formed with the movable object.Alternatively, the carrier can be releasably coupled to the movableobject. The carrier can be coupled to the movable object directly orindirectly. The carrier can provide support to the payload (e.g., carryat least part of the weight of the payload). The carrier can include asuitable mounting structure (e.g., a gimbal platform) capable ofstabilizing and/or directing the movement of the payload. In someembodiments, the carrier can be adapted to control the state of thepayload (e.g., position and/or orientation) relative to the movableobject. For example, the carrier can be configured to move relative tothe movable object (e.g., with respect to one, two, or three degrees oftranslation and/or one, two, or three degrees of rotation) such that thepayload maintains its position and/or orientation relative to a suitablereference frame regardless of the movement of the movable object. Thereference frame can be a fixed reference frame (e.g., the surroundingenvironment). Alternatively, the reference frame can be a movingreference frame (e.g., the movable object, a payload target).

In some embodiments, the carrier can be configured to permit movement ofthe payload relative to the carrier and/or movable object. The movementcan be a translation with respect to up to three degrees of freedom(e.g., along one, two, or three axes) or a rotation with respect to upto three degrees of freedom (e.g., about one, two, or three axes), orany suitable combination thereof.

In some instances, the carrier can include a carrier frame assembly anda carrier actuation assembly. The carrier frame assembly can providestructural support to the payload. The carrier frame assembly caninclude individual carrier frame components, some of which can bemovable relative to one another. The carrier actuation assembly caninclude one or more actuators (e.g., motors) that actuate movement ofthe individual carrier frame components. The actuators can permit themovement of multiple carrier frame components simultaneously, or may beconfigured to permit the movement of a single carrier frame component ata time. The movement of the carrier frame components can produce acorresponding movement of the payload. For example, the carrieractuation assembly can actuate a rotation of one or more carrier framecomponents about one or more axes of rotation (e.g., roll axis, pitchaxis, or yaw axis). The rotation of the one or more carrier framecomponents can cause a payload to rotate about one or more axes ofrotation relative to the movable object. Alternatively or incombination, the carrier actuation assembly can actuate a translation ofone or more carrier frame components along one or more axes oftranslation, and thereby produce a translation of the payload along oneor more corresponding axes relative to the movable object.

In some embodiments, the movement of the movable object, carrier, andpayload relative to a fixed reference frame (e.g., the surroundingenvironment) and/or to each other, can be controlled by a terminal. Theterminal can be a remote control device at a location distant from themovable object, carrier, and/or payload. The terminal can be disposed onor affixed to a support platform. Alternatively, the terminal can be ahandheld or wearable device. For example, the terminal can include asmartphone, tablet, laptop, computer, glasses, gloves, helmet,microphone, or suitable combinations thereof. The terminal can include auser interface, such as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, touchscreen, ordisplay. Any suitable user input can be used to interact with theterminal, such as manually entered commands, voice control, gesturecontrol, or position control (e.g., via a movement, location or tilt ofthe terminal).

The terminal can be used to control any suitable state of the movableobject, carrier, and/or payload. For example, the terminal can be usedto control the position and/or orientation of the movable object,carrier, and/or payload relative to a fixed reference from and/or toeach other. In some embodiments, the terminal can be used to controlindividual elements of the movable object, carrier, and/or payload, suchas the actuation assembly of the carrier, a sensor of the payload, or anemitter of the payload. The terminal can include a wirelesscommunication device adapted to communicate with one or more of themovable object, carrier, or payload.

The terminal can include a suitable display unit for viewing informationof the movable object, carrier, and/or payload. For example, theterminal can be configured to display information of the movable object,carrier, and/or payload with respect to position, translationalvelocity, translational acceleration, orientation, angular velocity,angular acceleration, or any suitable combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the terminal can display information provided by thepayload, such as data provided by a functional payload (e.g., imagesrecorded by a camera or other image capturing device).

Optionally, the same terminal may both control the movable object,carrier, and/or payload, or a state of the movable object, carrierand/or payload, as well as receive and/or display information from themovable object, carrier and/or payload. For example, a terminal maycontrol the positioning of the payload relative to an environment, whiledisplaying image data captured by the payload, or information about theposition of the payload. Alternatively, different terminals may be usedfor different functions. For example, a first terminal may controlmovement or a state of the movable object, carrier, and/or payload whilea second terminal may receive and/or display information from themovable object, carrier, and/or payload. For example, a first terminalmay be used to control the positioning of the payload relative to anenvironment while a second terminal displays image data captured by thepayload. Various communication modes may be utilized between a movableobject and an integrated terminal that both controls the movable objectand receives data, or between the movable object and multiple terminalsthat both control the movable object and receives data. For example, atleast two different communication modes may be formed between themovable object and the terminal that both controls the movable objectand receives data from the movable object.

FIG. 9 illustrates a movable object 900 including a carrier 902 and apayload 904, in accordance with embodiments. Although the movable object900 is depicted as an aircraft, this depiction is not intended to belimiting, and any suitable type of movable object can be used, aspreviously described herein. One of skill in the art would appreciatethat any of the embodiments described herein in the context of aircraftsystems can be applied to any suitable movable object (e.g., an UAV).

In some instances, the payload 904 may be provided on the movable object900 without requiring the carrier 902. The movable object 900 mayinclude propulsion mechanisms 906, a sensing system 908, and acommunication system 910. The propulsion mechanisms 906 can include oneor more of rotors, propellers, blades, engines, motors, wheels, axles,magnets, or nozzles, as previously described herein. The movable objectmay have one or more, two or more, three or more, or four or morepropulsion mechanisms. The propulsion mechanisms may all be of the sametype. Alternatively, one or more propulsion mechanisms can be differenttypes of propulsion mechanisms. In some embodiments, the propulsionmechanisms 906 can enable the movable object 900 to take off verticallyfrom a surface or land vertically on a surface without requiring anyhorizontal movement of the movable object 900 (e.g., without travelingdown a runway). Optionally, the propulsion mechanisms 906 can beoperable to permit the movable object 900 to hover in the air at aspecified position and/or orientation.

For example, the movable object 900 can have multiple horizontallyoriented rotors that can provide lift and/or thrust to the movableobject. The multiple horizontally oriented rotors can be actuated toprovide vertical takeoff, vertical landing, and hovering capabilities tothe movable object 900. In some embodiments, one or more of thehorizontally oriented rotors may spin in a clockwise direction, whileone or more of the horizontally rotors may spin in a counterclockwisedirection. For example, the number of clockwise rotors may be equal tothe number of counterclockwise rotors. The rotation rate of each of thehorizontally oriented rotors can be varied independently in order tocontrol the lift and/or thrust produced by each rotor, and therebyadjust the spatial disposition, velocity, and/or acceleration of themovable object 900 (e.g., with respect to up to three degrees oftranslation and up to three degrees of rotation).

The sensing system 908 can include one or more sensors that may sensethe spatial disposition, velocity, and/or acceleration of the movableobject 900 (e.g., with respect to up to three degrees of translation andup to three degrees of rotation). The one or more sensors can includeglobal positioning system (GPS) sensors, motion sensors, inertialsensors, proximity sensors, or image sensors. The sensing data providedby the sensing system 908 can be used to control the spatialdisposition, velocity, and/or orientation of the movable object 900(e.g., using a suitable processing unit and/or control module, asdescribed below). Alternatively, the sensing system 908 can be used toprovide data regarding the environment surrounding the movable object,such as weather conditions, proximity to potential obstacles, locationof geographical features, location of manmade structures, and the like.

The communication system 910 enables communication with terminal 912having a communication system 914 via wireless signals 916. Thecommunication systems 910, 914 may include any number of transmitters,receivers, and/or transceivers suitable for wireless communication. Thecommunication may be one-way communication, such that data can betransmitted in only one direction. For example, one-way communicationmay involve only the movable object 900 transmitting data to theterminal 912, or vice-versa. The data may be transmitted from one ormore transmitters of the communication system 910 to one or morereceivers of the communication system 912, or vice-versa. Alternatively,the communication may be two-way communication, such that data can betransmitted in both directions between the movable object 900 and theterminal 912. The two-way communication can involve transmitting datafrom one or more transmitters of the communication system 910 to one ormore receivers of the communication system 914, and vice-versa.

In some embodiments, the terminal 912 can provide control data to one ormore of the movable object 900, carrier 902, and payload 904 and receiveinformation from one or more of the movable object 900, carrier 902, andpayload 904 (e.g., position and/or motion information of the movableobject, carrier or payload; data sensed by the payload such as imagedata captured by a payload camera). In some instances, control data fromthe terminal may include instructions for relative positions, movements,actuations, or controls of the movable object, carrier and/or payload.For example, the control data may result in a modification of thelocation and/or orientation of the movable object (e.g., via control ofthe propulsion mechanisms 906), or a movement of the payload withrespect to the movable object (e.g., via control of the carrier 902).The control data from the terminal may result in control of the payload,such as control of the operation of a camera or other image capturingdevice (e.g., taking still or moving pictures, zooming in or out,turning on or off, switching imaging modes, change image resolution,changing focus, changing depth of field, changing exposure time,changing viewing angle or field of view). In some instances, thecommunications from the movable object, carrier and/or payload mayinclude information from one or more sensors (e.g., of the sensingsystem 908 or of the payload 904). The communications may include sensedinformation from one or more different types of sensors (e.g., GPSsensors, motion sensors, inertial sensor, proximity sensors, or imagesensors). Such information may pertain to the position (e.g., location,orientation), movement, or acceleration of the movable object, carrierand/or payload. Such information from a payload may include datacaptured by the payload or a sensed state of the payload. The controldata provided transmitted by the terminal 912 can be configured tocontrol a state of one or more of the movable object 900, carrier 902,or payload 904. Alternatively or in combination, the carrier 902 andpayload 904 can also each include a communication module configured tocommunicate with terminal 912, such that the terminal can communicatewith and control each of the movable object 900, carrier 902, andpayload 904 independently.

In some embodiments, the movable object 900 can be configured tocommunicate with another remote device in addition to the terminal 912,or instead of the terminal 912. The terminal 912 may also be configuredto communicate with another remote device as well as the movable object900. For example, the movable object 900 and/or terminal 912 maycommunicate with another movable object, or a carrier or payload ofanother movable object. When desired, the remote device may be a secondterminal or other computing device (e.g., computer, laptop, tablet,smartphone, or other mobile device). The remote device can be configuredto transmit data to the movable object 900, receive data from themovable object 900, transmit data to the terminal 912, and/or receivedata from the terminal 912. Optionally, the remote device can beconnected to the Internet or other telecommunications network, such thatdata received from the movable object 900 and/or terminal 912 can beuploaded to a website or server.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration by way of block diagram of a system1000 for controlling an movable object, in accordance with embodiments.The system 1000 can be used in combination with any suitable embodimentof the systems, devices, and methods disclosed herein. The system 1000can include a sensing module 1002, processing unit 1004, non-transitorycomputer readable medium 1006, control module 1008, and communicationmodule 1010.

The sensing module 1002 can utilize different types of sensors thatcollect information relating to the movable objects in different ways.Different types of sensors may sense different types of signals orsignals from different sources. For example, the sensors can includeinertial sensors, GPS sensors, proximity sensors (e.g., lidar), orvision/image sensors (e.g., a camera). The sensing module 1002 can beoperatively coupled to a processing unit 1004 having a plurality ofprocessors. In some embodiments, the sensing module can be operativelycoupled to a transmission module 1012 (e.g., a Wi-Fi image transmissionmodule) configured to directly transmit sensing data to a suitableexternal device or system. For example, the transmission module 1012 canbe used to transmit images captured by a camera of the sensing module1002 to a remote terminal.

The processing unit 1004 can have one or more processors, such as aprogrammable processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)). Theprocessing unit 1004 can be operatively coupled to a non-transitorycomputer readable medium 1006. The non-transitory computer readablemedium 1006 can store logic, code, and/or program instructionsexecutable by the processing unit 1004 for performing one or more steps.The non-transitory computer readable medium can include one or morememory units (e.g., removable media or external storage such as an SDcard or random access memory (RAM)). In some embodiments, data from thesensing module 1002 can be directly conveyed to and stored within thememory units of the non-transitory computer readable medium 1006. Thememory units of the non-transitory computer readable medium 1006 canstore logic, code and/or program instructions executable by theprocessing unit 1004 to perform any suitable embodiment of the methodsdescribed herein. For example, the processing unit 1004 can beconfigured to execute instructions causing one or more processors of theprocessing unit 1004 to analyze sensing data produced by the sensingmodule. The memory units can store sensing data from the sensing moduleto be processed by the processing unit 1004. In some embodiments, thememory units of the non-transitory computer readable medium 1006 can beused to store the processing results produced by the processing unit1004.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1004 can be operatively coupledto a control module 1008 configured to control a state of the movableobject. For example, the control module 1008 can be configured tocontrol the propulsion mechanisms of the movable object to adjust thespatial disposition, velocity, and/or acceleration of the movable objectwith respect to six degrees of freedom. Alternatively or in combination,the control module 1008 can control one or more of a state of a carrier,payload, or sensing module.

The processing unit 1004 can be operatively coupled to a communicationmodule 1010 configured to transmit and/or receive data from one or moreexternal devices (e.g., a terminal, display device, or other remotecontroller). Any suitable means of communication can be used, such aswired communication or wireless communication, as described in furtherdetail below. The communication module 1010 can transmit and/or receiveone or more of sensing data from the sensing module 1002, processingresults produced by the processing unit 1004, predetermined controldata, user commands from a terminal or remote controller, and the like.In some embodiments, the communication module 1010 can be configured toimplement adaptive communication mode switching, as described elsewhereherein.

The components of the system 1000 can be arranged in any suitableconfiguration. For example, one or more of the components of the system1000 can be located on the movable object, carrier, payload, terminal,sensing system, or an additional external device in communication withone or more of the above. Additionally, although FIG. 10 depicts asingle processing unit 1004 and a single non-transitory computerreadable medium 1006, one of skill in the art would appreciate that thisis not intended to be limiting, and that the system 1000 can include aplurality of processing units and/or non-transitory computer readablemedia. In some embodiments, one or more of the plurality of processingunits and/or non-transitory computer readable media can be situated atdifferent locations, such as on the movable object, carrier, payload,terminal, sensing module, additional external device in communicationwith one or more of the above, or suitable combinations thereof, suchthat any suitable aspect of the processing and/or memory functionsperformed by the system 1000 can occur at one or more of theaforementioned locations.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for transmitting data, the methodcomprising: (i) providing a first communication module on a vehicle,wherein the first communication module is capable of establishing adirect communication link with a remote terminal, wherein said directcommunication link is configured for transmitting downlink data to theremote terminal and receiving uplink data from the remote terminal; (ii)providing a second communication module on a vehicle, wherein the secondcommunication module is capable of establishing an indirectcommunication link with the remote terminal, wherein said indirectcommunication link is configured for transmitting downlink data to theremote terminal and receiving uplink data from the remote terminal;(iii) determining, with aid of one or more processors, whether aprospective data transmission is an uplink data transmission or adownlink data transmission; and when the prospective data transmissionis an uplink data transmission, wherein the uplink data transmissioncomprises control data for varying an orientation of a payload of thevehicle relative to an orientation of the vehicle, (A) assessing, withaid of the one or more processors, whether the direct communication linkand/or the indirect communication link meet a first criterion; (B)selecting, with aid of the one or more processors, whether the uplinkdata transmission is to occur over (1) the direct communication linkprovided by the first communication module, (2) the indirectcommunication link provided by the second communication module, or (3)both the direct communication link and the indirect communication linksimultaneously, based on the assessment of whether the directcommunication link and/or the indirect communication link meet the firstcriterion; and (C) performing the data transmission in accordance withthe selected option of (1), (2), or (3) of step (B); and when theprospective data transmission is a downlink data transmission, (D)assessing, with aid of the one or more processors, whether the directcommunication link and/or the indirect communication link meet a secondcriterion; (E) selecting, with aid of the one or more processors,whether the downlink data transmission is to occur over (1) the directcommunication link provided by the first communication module, (2) theindirect communication link provided by the second communication module,or (3) both the direct communication link and the indirect communicationlink simultaneously, based on the assessment whether the directcommunication link and/or the indirect communication link meet thesecond criterion; and (F) performing the data transmission in accordancewith the selected option of (1), (2), or (3) of step (E), wherein theuplink data transmission comprises control data for varying anorientation of a payload of the vehicle relative to an orientation ofthe vehicle.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first criterion andthe second criterion are different.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe uplink data transmission comprises movement control data for thevehicle when the prospective data transmission is an uplink datatransmission.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the downlink datatransmission comprises image data from a payload on the vehicle when theprospective data transmission is a downlink data transmission.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is an unmanned aerial vehicle. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein the direct communication link is formedor maintained using one or more of the following: WiFi, WiMAX, or codedorthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (COFDM).
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the indirect communication link is formed or maintainedusing a mobile phone network.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein themobile phone network is a 3G or 4G network.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the indirect communication link does not require line of sightto operate.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the indirectcommunication link utilizes forward error correction.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein a maximum communication distance using the directcommunication link is smaller than a maximum communication distanceusing the indirect communication link.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the first criterion is a signal strength of the directcommunication link and the indirect communication link.
 13. The methodof claim 12, wherein the second criterion is a signal strength of thedirect communication link and the indirect communication link, andwherein the second criterion has a different threshold signal strengthvalue than the first criterion.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein thefirst criterion is a signal quality of the direct communication link andthe indirect communication link.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein thesecond criterion is a signal quality strength of the directcommunication link and the indirect communication link, and wherein thesecond criterion has a different threshold signal quality value than thefirst criterion.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first criterionis an available bandwidth of the direct communication link and theindirect communication link.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thesecond criterion is an available bandwidth of the direct communicationlink and the indirect communication link, and wherein the secondcriterion has a different threshold signal quality value than the firstcriterion.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the first criterion andthe second criterion are stored in a memory of the vehicle prior tooperation of the vehicle.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstcriterion and the second criterion are input by a user.
 20. The methodof claim 1, wherein the first criterion and the second criterion aretransmitted to the vehicle from the remote terminal prior to or duringoperation of the vehicle.
 21. A vehicle for transmitting or receivingdata, said vehicle comprising: a first communication module comprisingone or more transmitters and one or more receivers, wherein the firstcommunication module is capable of establishing a direct communicationlink with a remote terminal, wherein said direct communication link isconfigured for transmitting downlink data to the remote terminal andreceiving uplink data from the remote terminal; a second communicationmodule comprising one or more transmitters and one or more receivers,wherein the second communication module is capable of establishing anindirect communication link with the remote terminal, wherein saidindirect communication link is configured for transmitting downlink datato the remote terminal and receiving uplink data from the remoteterminal; and one or more processors configured to determine whether aprospective data transmission is an uplink data transmission or adownlink data transmission, wherein when the prospective datatransmission is an uplink data transmission, (A) the one or moreprocessors are configured to assess whether the direct communicationlink and/or the indirect communication link meet a first criterion; (B)the one or more processors are configured to select whether the uplinkdata transmission is to occur over (1) the direct communication linkprovided by the first communication module, (2) the indirectcommunication link provided by the second communication module, or (3)both the direct communication link and the indirect communication linksimultaneously, based on the assessment of whether the directcommunication link and/or the indirect communication link meet the firstcriterion; and (C) the vehicle is configured to perform the datatransmission in accordance with the selected option of (1), (2), or (3)of step (B); and wherein when the prospective data transmission is adownlink data transmission, (D) the one or more processors areconfigured to assess whether the direct communication link and/or theindirect communication link meet a second criterion; (E) the one or moreprocessors are configured to select whether the downlink datatransmission is to occur over (1) the direct communication link providedby the first communication module, (2) the indirect communication linkprovided by the second communication module, or (3) both the directcommunication link and the indirect communication link simultaneously,based on the assessment whether the direct communication link and/or theindirect communication link meet the second criterion; and (F) thevehicle is configured to perform the data transmission in accordancewith the selected option of (1), (2), or (3) of step (E), wherein theuplink data transmission comprises control data for varying anorientation of a payload of the vehicle relative to an orientation ofthe vehicle.